Three predominant interrelated mechanisms (the renin- angiotensin system, inflammation and oxidative stress) and pathways (TGF-β signaling pathways, WNT signaling pathways, MAPK signaling pathways) appear to be involved and are used as screening principle for categories of AF fibrosis remodeling related genes [6–8]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to atrial fibrillation.