MAPK3 and hepatocellular carcinoma: As ketogenic hepatocytes display distinct molecular changes, such as enhanced ROS production as well as upregulated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation via a PKC- and Ras-based mechanism [23], our results suggest that tailored chemotherapeutics which selectively target these dysregulated pathways may show improved efficacy in ALD HCC patients.