MCL1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: We found 1) that metformin induces apoptosis of HCC in vitro and in an established genetic mouse model of HCC, 2) that metformin treatment decreases expression of Mcl-1, an anti-apoptotic factor previously shown to be translationally regulated by mTORC1 activity [35], and 3) that these effects require the translation repressors 4E-BPs.