These findings parallel previous observations showing the relationship between TG2 activity and matrix-bound TGFβ1 in cystic fibrosis bronchial cells undergoing EMT.12 The finding that TG2 inhibitor R294 also showed a significant reduction in TGFβ1-induced p-Smad confirms TG2 involvement in this process. Here, TGFB1 is linked to cystic fibrosis.