One study evaluating RTS,S/AS02D in African children less than 1 year old did not find any association with protection (5), whereas in another one with RTS,S/AS01E in children 5–17 months old observed CSP-specific TNF-α+ CD4+ T cell responses to be associated with a reduced risk of clinical malaria independently of anti-CSP IgG titers (8). This evidence concerns the gene CD4 and malaria.