CD40 and malaria: We propose that malaria-associated expansion of active and resting aMBCs with increased expression of inhibitory PD1, CD95, and co-stimulatory CD80 in malaria-exposed women, coupled with increased CD71 and CD40 expression on aaMBCs, suggests that these cells are maintained in an anergic state (inhibitory profile) rather than going to apoptosis or cell death, helping to reduce the immune activation, and establishing a tolerogenic-like profile, as described on T cells (56, 70, 71).