ECHS1 and malignant colon neoplasm: In cultured cells, endogenous ECHS1 protein levels of human embryonic kidney HEK293T cells, 786-O and ACHN renal cell cancer cells, SMMC7712 and Huh7 liver cancer cells, and HCT 116 and SW620 colon cancer cells were severely decreased, while ECHS1 protein levels of LNCaP and PC3 prostate cancers cells were moderately downregulated by exposure to glucose, FAs, and amino acids, respectively (Fig. 1b–d, Supplementary Fig. 1).