In RA patients, we found a significant reduction at T5 compared to T0 in serum levels (pg/ml) of both TGFβ1 (3002/2193-37069 vs 49069/38221-58005; p = 0.0016) and IL-9 (1.65/0-17.5 vs 12.8/3-41.2; p = 0.0007) (Fig 5A and 5B, respectively). Here, TGFB1 is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.