In addition, the SPAK null mice that express a Gitelman-like phenotype (hypotension, hypokalemia and alkalosis) exhibits a decrease in the phosphor-NKCC1 in blood vessels [30] and reduced response to phenylephrine, suggesting that activation of NKCC1 by SPAK may play a role on vasoconstriction. Here, STK39 is linked to Hypokalemia.