GAS5 and diabetes mellitus: GAS5 expression was not associated with presence of diabetes among IPMN cases in our small dataset (p = 0.36), but given that diabetes is an established risk factor for PDAC and ‘new-onset’ diabetes may serve as a potential marker of early PDAC55, further research may be indicated to explore a possible role for GAS5 in the molecular pathogenesis of diabetes-mediated PDAC.