IFNAR1 and infection: Compared to Ifnar1−/− mice, Tim1−/− Ifnar1−/− mice demonstrated less fecal HAV shedding (Fig. 4B), as well as a 0.5-log-unit difference in the abundance of viral RNA in the liver (Fig. 4C), smaller increases in ALT levels (Fig. 4D), and lower cytokine levels (Fig. 5A) 14 days after infection with gradient-purified eHAV or HAV.