Several cytokines and chemokines genes were found upregulated upon both USUV and ZIKV infections such as IFN-Β, TNF, IL12A, IL15, IL6, CCL5, CXCL10, CXCL8 OR CXCL11. Moreover, gene expression of PRR genes such as Ddx58 (RIG-I), Dhx58 (LGP2) or Tlr3 were also upregulated by both viruses, whereas Tlr9 was only modulated by USUV (Fig 5C). Here, TNF is linked to Zika virus infectious disease.