Since the TGF-ΒR1 inhibitor failed to influence the effects of CX4945, it is evident that the involvement of CK2 in CCA cell viability is independent from TGF-ΒR1, justifying the proposal to test in clinical trials the combination of the two inhibitors (CX4945 + LY2157299). Here, TGFBR1 is linked to cholangiocarcinoma.