VEGFA and neoplasm: The microenvironment surrounding cancer cells is modified by the developing tumour to enhance the survival of the tumour cells [29,30] by, for example, the induction of chronic inflammation through signals such as transforming growth factor β (TGF β), tumour necrosis factor (TNF) or one of many interleukins [31] and angiogenesis by vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs), hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), and notch signalling [32].