TNF and schizophrenia: In a previous study, Miller et al. [11] suggested that cytokine levels were also associated with clinical status; some cytokines like IL-1β, IL-6, and TGF-β seem to act as state markers for schizophrenia (they are increased during the acute phase of psychosis and normalize with anti-psychotic treatment) while others, such as IL-12, IFN-Υ, TNF-α, and sIL-2R, appear to represent trait markers as their levels remain elevated in acute exacerbations and do not remit after anti-psychotic treatment.