BRCA1 mutation is also reported in pancreatic/bladder cancers which could be the reason why some of these tumors show β-hCG expression in TCGA data set.20, 21, 22, 23 All together our results clearly show the tumorigenic role of β-hCG in BRCA1 defective cells which could be mediated through TGFβRII. Here, BRCA1 is linked to urinary bladder cancer.