TGFB1 and infection: As indicated above, we observed that butyrate-treated mice challenged with C. rodentium showed differing increases in gene expression of cytokines involved in the clearance of infection (Il17A, Tnfα), the reduction of mucosal inflammation (Tgfβ, Il10), and the improvement of host barrier function (Muc2, Relmβ, Tff3).