The administration of butyrate had no effect (P ≥ 0.16) on expression of Th1 (Ifnγ, Tnfα)-, Th2 (Il4)-, and Th17 (Il17A, Il22)-associated cytokines or on expression of Myd88, Prg3, RegIIIγ, Tff3, and Tlr9 in mice without enteritis relative to mice that were not administered butyrate (data not presented). Here, TNF is linked to enteritis.