ABCA1 and coronary artery disorder: These results are supported by other published findings, in particular, implicating a role of phospholipids in cholesterol efflux.20–22 The association with Lp(a) is also biologically plausible as in vitro studies have shown that Lp(a) upregulates ABCA1 in liver cells via scavenger receptor B-1.23 Interestingly, the association of CEC with triglycerides and Lp(a) is in a direction associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease, suggesting that the overall relationship of CEC to cardiovascular risk may involve a balance of different influences affecting CEC.