INS and diabetes mellitus: In recent years, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) was significantly increased around the world.[10,11] Many studies have demonstrated that DM might be a risk factor for some types of cancer, such as hepatocellular carcinoma, breast cancer, endometrial cancer, bladder cancer, and kidney cancer.[12–16] The detailed mechanisms may be explained by the effects of insulin and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) axis on cells growth.