As shown in Fig 8A, significantly higher levels of mRNAs of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17 and TNF-α, were found as early as day 6 in our colitis model than control group, showing ~5.7, ~6.7, ~12.0 and ~3.2 fold increase, respectively. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and colitis.