TGFB1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Yan and colleagues showed that hypothalamic injection of TGF-β1 caused hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance in mice, conversely, the TGFβ-1 deficient mice (Tgfb1+/−) were protected from hypothalamic inflammation and type 2 diabetes induced by high-fat diet (HFD) [9].