TNF and breast cancer: In another study of 57 patients age 70 years and older with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy, there were modest decreases in IL-10 and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and increases in TNF-α and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) from baseline to 1 year, which were significantly more pronounced in the chemotherapy group compared to the control group, suggesting accelerated biological aging [43].