The Hfr-2 gene from wheat encodes a protein with AAT domain architecture (corresponds to Traes_2BS_9420D88C2.1 in this study) and its expression is up-regulated following infestation of virulent Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor), fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), and bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi), but little or no changes in expression levels were observed after wounding, virus infection or chemical treatments with salicylic acid and ABA (Puthoff et al., 2005). Here, SERPINA1 is linked to viral infectious disease.