In some cases, it may have a direct effect, such as in the elimination of bacteria by inducing antimicrobial molecules, such aslipocalin 2, in the treatment of pneumonia caused by Escherichia coli infection (25), or by increasing (26) or employing IFN-gamma-activated MSCs that induce GTPases and guanylate-binding proteins that exhibit anti-parasitic action against Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum (27). The gene discussed is IFNG; the disease is escherichia coli infection.