TNF and Salmonella Infections: At the early stage of Salmonella infection, the production of cytokines, such as interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, is of utmost importance for controlling Salmonella growth and spread in the host body (Brown et al., 2006; Hu et al., 2015).