Under hypoxia, activation of the PERK/eIF2α/ATF4 pathway is protective for tumor cells through autophagy induction via LC3B (autophagy protein microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3b) and ATG5 (autophagy protein 5).99, 100, 101 Similarly, TNF receptor associated factor 2 (TRAF2)/IRE1α activates c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase that also induces autophagy.102. Here, ATF4 is linked to neoplasm.