Overall, EhLPPG induced the strongest infection-and treatment-specific increases in mRNA encoding protective cytokines (Il-1β, 2.7 ± 0.47 [p = 0.018]; NOS2, 4.9 ± 0.3 [p > 0.0001]); however, it had only a moderate effect on mRNA encoding non-protective cytokines (Il-10, 2.5 ± 1.2 [ns]). The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is infection.