To further characterize the treatment-specific, immunostimulatory effects of αGalCer, EhLPPG, the most promising analog (EhPIa C30:1 cis), and the least promising analog (EhPIb C28:0), we measured the levels of mRNA encoding infection-relevant protective cytokines (e.g., Il-12, Il-1β, Tnfα, Nos2 [iNOS]) and non-protective cytokines (Il-4, Il-10, Il-13, Tgf-β, and Arginase 1 [Arg1])12–14 in non-infected and infected murine macrophages (Fig. 5c). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and infection.