There was a small but significant (P<0.05) reduction in the baseline release of a number of inflammatory and innate immune mediators including TNFβ, IL-1α, IL-7, IL-10, IL-13, CCL4, CCL5, epidermal growth factor (EGF) and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) in ASMCs from chronic cough patients compared with healthy non-cough volunteers (Figure 1). This evidence concerns the gene CCL4 and Cough.