GAPDH and urinary bladder carcinoma: We also found that the expression levels of exosomal lncRNA-UCA1 in the serum of bladder cancer patients were markedly higher than that in healthy control subjects, and the expression levels of exosomal lncRNA-UCA1 were normalized to ACTB (β-actin) or GAPDH (Fig. 7d and Additional file 4: Figure S4a).