Further analysis of immune marker transcripts in kidney (CxCL1/KC, CXCL2/MIP-2, CCL5/RANTES, TNFα and IFNγ) showed that infected mice pre-treated with L. plantarum produced less pro-inflammatory chemokines KC, MIP-2 and RANTES known to be upregulated during infection [13, 29–31][11] although transcription of cytokines TNFα and IFNγ was not affected. Here, CXCL1 is linked to infection.