VWF and endothelial dysfunction: Selecting homocysteine, von Willebrand factor (vWF), E-selectin, P-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM), and vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM) as blood markers of endothelial dysfunction, Wiseman et al. [178] found that these markers were significantly increased in lacunar stroke vs. the non-stroke group.