Moreover, the expression of target genes of the ER stress pathway, including inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and phospho-eIF2a, was significantly increased after 48 h of exposure to 80 nmol/l bufalin (Fig. 2B,C), indicating that bufalin induced ER stress in gastric cancer cells. The gene discussed is DDIT3; the disease is gastric cancer.