INS and Insulin resistance: The combined deleterious effects of glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity, referred to as glucolipotoxicity, eventually causes β-cell failure characteristic of T2DM.9 Chronic hyperglycemia as found in obesity-induced insulin resistance promotes the development of glucotoxicity.10 Several peptide hormones secreted by the endocrine pancreas, gut, adipocytes, and liver modulate insulin activity to maintain glucose homeostasis and fat amounts; these hormones are considered promising leads in the development of therapies against T2DM and fatty liver or pancreas disease.11, 12