TLR9 and pulmonary fibrosis: In a related approach, treatment with the TLR-9 ligand CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) that is known as a potent vaccine adjuvant for anticancer therapy, attenuated radiation-induced lung fibrosis [279, 280] amongst others by up-regulating the expression of TLR9, and increasing Type-1 immunity [280].