The beneficial effect of corticosteroids on liver histology in AIH has been described before and was partly attributed to the downregulating effect of glucocorticoids on TGF-β activation.[12] The anti-fibrotic effects of second-line therapies (for example calcineurin inhibitors or MMF) are less studied, and AZA as mono therapy has not proven to reduce fibrosis.[25]. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is autoimmune hepatitis.