Fibrosis may also occur independently of TGFβ1, as other profibrotic molecules such as CCL18 and fibroblast growth factor-9 (FGF9) are elevated in EoE tissue biopsies (90, 91) and not all adult subjects have elevated TGFβ1 (82, 91). The gene discussed is FGF9; the disease is eosinophilic esophagitis.