On the other hand, these eligible participants may not represent the real population of patients; (III) in this study, chronic prostatitis was evaluated and classified by the NIH-CPSI score and EPS only, which could result in a classification bias, and may have influenced the association between PSA and prostatitis; (IV) statistical power was not assessed in this study; (V) some significant biochemical markers were observed only in one of the adjusted models. The gene discussed is KLK3; the disease is urogenital neoplasm.