TNF and hydrops fetalis: In WNIN, the basal levels of plasma pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), IFN-γ inducible protein 10 (IP-10; CXCL 10) were significantly increased in HF & HFS (Fig. 3A–C,E and F) but monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1; CCL2) was comparable among all diet groups (Fig. 3G).