VCAM1 and Alzheimer disease: As ICAM-1 levels are clearly elevated in AD cortex, and previous studies have reported induced adhesion molecule expression after Aβ stimulation [42], we were surprised to observe that Aβ had negligible effects on adhesion molecule expression and kinase activation under our experimental conditions, whereas TNF-α robustly induces ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression as well as NFκB, MAPK/ERK, and SAPK/JNK signalling.