BMPR2 and pulmonary arterial hypertension: These findings are consistent with reports demonstrating the beneficial effects of IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) in animal models of PAH where BMPR2 is lowered, such as the monocrotaline model.9 Furthermore, we demonstrate that BMPR2 signaling dysfunction results in increased inflammatory signaling and activation of mitogenic pathways such as PDGF, which are inhibited in normal PASMC in vitro (Fig 5), but this does not occur in SMCs from the systemic vascular bed.