PPIA and infection: However, when compared to untreated cells, disruption of CA-CypA interaction by treatment of target cells with CsA or the CypA-binding CA mutant P90A significantly decreased the time of import; the mean time of import for wild-type viral complexes was 4.3 ± 2.6 hours post-infection (hpi), which was reduced to 1.9 ± 1.3 hpi and 2.3 ± 2.0 hpi for viral complexes in CsA-treated cells or cells infected with the P90A mutant of CA, respectively (Fig 6B).