INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: The immune-mediated form of T1D results from cellular mediated autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta-cells, has strong associations with HLA, and is characterized by the production of several autoantibodies including anti-insulin antibody (IAA), anti- GAD Ab, islet antigen 2 antibody (IA-2 Ab), anti-zinc transporter antibody (ZnT8 Ab), and historic anti-islet cell antibody (ICA Ab) (American Diabetes Association, 2014).