APEX1 and cancer: Notably, STAT3 often acts as a cofactor with other transcription factors that are also under Ref-1/APE1 redox signaling control, including HIF-1 and NF-κB.47, 89–96 Hence, inhibiting Ref-1/APE1 redox signaling alone or in combination with a STAT3 signaling inhibitor could potentially provide a novel approach to cancer therapeutics.