APEX1 and neoplasm: Preclinical studies show that the Ref-1/APE1 inhibitor APX3330 inhibits growth of pancreatic cancer-associated endothelial and endothelial progenitor cells.185 Additional studies demonstrate that APX3330 can reduce tumor endothelial VEGF secretion, blocking a potentially critical angiogenic ligand-receptor interaction in the TME.185 Based on these data and the regulation of key transcription factors implicated in PDAC, PDAC is one of the indications for APX3330 in clinical trials.