Additionally, ocular anti-VEGF therapies are not always effective and may lead to unwanted side effects.221 Inhibiting the redox activity of Ref-1/APE1 may prove to be a more efficacious standalone or adjunctive treatment that can modulate HIF-1α and VEGF in retinal diseases like wet AMD, ROP and DR. Here, APEX1 is linked to wet macular degeneration.