Under hypoxic conditions, Ref-1/APE1 inhibition decreases the expression of HIF-1-induced genes and decreases cell viability.14, 18, 24 Interestingly, HIF-1 cooperates with STAT3 to promote transcription of tumor-promoting factors,89–91 so Ref-1/APE1 redox signaling inhibition has the potential to block two transcriptional drivers at once. Here, STAT3 is linked to neoplasm.