DDIAS and infection: Our results showed that the splenic macrophages of PbANKA-infected mice were M1 type dominant with a higher expression of inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) and interleukin-12 (IL-12) in the first 3–5 days post-infection and then tended to be M2 dominant with increased expression of arginase 1 (Arg1) and IL-10 (Figure 6).