HOXC10 and carcinoma: Two separate studies conducted by Sadik (Sadik et al., 2016) and Khairul (Ansari et al., 2012) found that HOXC10 is transcriptionally regulated by estrogen and overexpressed in primary carcinomas of the breast, and even more significantly in distant metastasis arising after failed chemotherapy, but in another study conducted by Pathiraja et al. (2014) reported that HOXC10 expression was repressed by estrogen and decreased in breast cancer tissues.