Furthermore, the higher mortality rate and severe liver inflammation and necrosis in Clec5a−/−Tlr2−/− mice (compared to Clec5a−/− and Tlr2−/− animals) suggests that, while the DAP12-assoicated CLEC5A is a critical PRR for L. monocytogenes (Fig. 5e and Supplementary Fig. 19), co-activation of multiple CLEC5A- and TLR2-mediated signaling pathways is required to initiate a robust immune response to systemic Listeria infection. Here, TLR2 is linked to listeriosis.