Estradiol is closely related to oxidative stress in patients with CKD as an anti-fibrosis component that inhibits the generation of reactive oxygen species and loss of anti-oxidant enzymes via the suppression of NADH/NADPH oxidase activity, attenuation of hydrogen peroxide induced TGF-β1 expression as well as proliferation and transformation of hepatic stellate cells66, 67. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is chronic kidney disease.