Consistent with this idea, the association of IL-8 with clinical severity was also reported in a recent analysis of human serum in a multi-center cohort of 142 subjects with familial PD arising from leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) mutations where high levels of IL-8, MCP-1, and CCL4 were associated with the presence of a specific clinical subtype that is characterized by a broad and more severely affected spectrum of motor and non-motor symptoms [89]. This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and Parkinson disease.