Although P. falciparum-induced blood-stage malaria (IBSM) human challenge studies are traditionally performed to measure vaccine or drug efficacy and pharmacodynamics, they can also inform the impact of LOD on early detection of a new infection by observing parasitemia and HRP2 concentrations by highly sensitive qRT-PCR and ELISA methods, respectively.26 For example, in a clinical vaccine trial, PCR with a test sensitivity of approximately 20 p/mL detected malaria infection 5 days earlier than thick smears read by expert microscopists in both naive and previously exposed volunteers.27 This evidence concerns the gene HDGFL2 and infection.