In more detail, fungal pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs, e.g., β-glucans or mannans) are mainly recognized by two types of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 and TLR-4, or C-type leptin receptors (CLRs, mainly Dectin-1) on host cells, which are known to be upregulated in the case of an invasive fungal infection. Here, TLR4 is linked to fungal infectious disease.